Indian Institute of Technology Madras
BS Degree Programme · Examination & Study Paper
Statistics for Data Science II
Most repeated questions
Examination Instructions & Guidelines
- Solve on notebook/paper first before checking solutions.
- MCQ: Exactly 1 option is correct. Negative marking applies.
- MSQ: One or more options correct. Select all to score.
- NAT: Numerical response. No negative marking.
- Scientific calculator allowed for all calculations.
- Official answer key is sealed at the end of this sheet.
Type 1 · asked 5 times · Joint, marginal & conditional
Find the marginal distribution from a joint PDF or PMF
Read the passage below, then answer Q1

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q1MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓Find the Marginal distribution of X.
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- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q2

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q2MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓
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- D

- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q3
The joint density function of two continuous random variables X and Y is given as:

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q3MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓Find the marginal probability density function of X.
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- A
Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q4

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q4MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓
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- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q5

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q5MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓What is the marginal distribution of Y ?
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- A
Type 2 · asked 5 times · Method of moments & MLE
Find the method of moments estimate of a parameter from a sample
Read the passage below, then answer Q6

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q6NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:- Q7NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer: Read the passage below, then answer Q8

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q8NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓Consider a random sample (1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1). Find the method of moments estimate of θ for the given sample. Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q9

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q9NAT4 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓Find the method of moments estimate of θ for the given sample.
Your answer:- Q10MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓

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- A
Type 3 · asked 4 times · Joint, marginal & conditional
Find a conditional probability or density from a joint distribution
Read the passage below, then answer Q11
The joint density function of two continuous random variables X and Y is given as:

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q11NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Useful Reference Data for this Paper

Q12NAT3 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q13

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q13NAT3 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q14

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q14NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer:
Type 4 · asked 4 times · Continuous random variables
Find the constant k that makes a PDF or PMF valid
Read the passage below, then answer Q15

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q15NAT1 Mark·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer:Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q16

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q16NAT2 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓Find the value of k.
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q17

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q17MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓Find the value of k .
- A17
- B18
- C1/17
- D1/18
Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q18

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q18MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionQuiz 1 · 26 Oct 2025 (AN)Key ↓Find the value of k.
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- A
Type 5 · asked 4 times · Estimators: bias & variance
Check bias, variance and consistency of given estimators
- Q19MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓

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- Q20MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓

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- Q21MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓

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- A
- Q22MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓

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- A
Type 6 · asked 4 times · Method of moments & MLE
Find the maximum likelihood estimate of theta from a sample
- Q23NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer: Read the passage below, then answer Q24

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q24NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q25

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q25NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓Consider a random sample (2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0). Find the maximum likelihood estimate of θ for the given sample. Enter the answer correct to one decimal place.
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q26

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q26MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓What is the maximum likelihood estimate of θ?
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- A
Type 7 · asked 4 times · Bayesian estimation
Find the Beta posterior of a proportion p from survey data
Read the passage below, then answer Q27
Let p be the true proportion of customers who favor a newly introduced feature in our mobile app. The product team randomly selected 50 customers and asked them if they appreciate the new feature. From the survey, 20 out of the 50 customers responded with a ‘yes’.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q27MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓Find the posterior distribution of p for a Uniform [0, 1] prior.
- ABeta(20, 30)
- BBeta(30, 20)
- CBeta(21, 31)
- DBeta(31, 21)
Read the passage below, then answer Q28
A company is testing a new AI-based chatbot for customer service and wants to know if it is liked by its users. Let p be the true proportion of users who would find the chatbot helpful. The team selected 30 customers randomly and asked if they found the chatbot useful. Out of these, 12 responded ‘yes’.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q28MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓Find the posterior distribution of p for a Beta [3, 2] prior.
- ABeta(12, 18)
- BBeta(15, 20)
- CBeta(14, 19)
- DBeta(20, 15)
Read the passage below, then answer Q29
A software company is analyzing the bug reports for their newly developed application. Some bug reports identify a critical bug in the application. To estimate the probability p of a bug report identifying a critical bug, they collect a random sample of 200 bug reports, and find that 50 are classified as critical. The company adopts a Bayesian approach with a Beta distribution as the prior for p.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q29MCQ1 Mark·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓Using the prior distribution and the observed data, compute the posterior distribution of p.
- ABeta(50.4, 154.6)
- BBeta(1.4, 5.6)
- CBeta(5.6, 1.4)
- DBeta(51.4, 155.6)
- Q30MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓

- ABeta (29, 44)
- BBeta (30, 45)
- CBeta (20, 30)
- DBeta (10, 15)
Type 8 · asked 4 times · Hypothesis testing
State the null and alternative hypotheses for a claim about a mean
Read the passage below, then answer Q31
A packaging company uses a machine to fill packets with 98.5 gram of powdered material. A quality control manager suspects that the machine is underfilling the packets. To investigate, he collects a random sample of 100 packets and measures the weights. The sample reveals an average weight of 98.29 gram, with a standard deviation of 1.2 gram.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q31MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓State the null and alternative hypotheses.
- A

- B

- C

- D

- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q32
The average battery life of smartphones for a certain model is 15 hours, with a standard deviation of 3 hours. An analyst suspects that the true average battery life is greater
than 15 hours. To test this, he takes a random sample of 100 smartphones and finds that the sample mean battery life is 17 hours.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q32MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓State the null and alternative hypotheses.
- A

- B

- C

- D

- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q33

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q33MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓State the null and alternative hypotheses.
- A

- B

- C

- D

- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q34
A tech company claims that the average time their employees take to solve a debugging task is 45 minutes, with a known standard deviation of 10 minutes. A skeptical manager believes this time is too high and takes a random sample of 64 tasks. The manager decides to reject the company’s claim if the sample average time is less than ‘c’ minutes. Based on the given information, answer the subquestions.
Q34MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓Define null and alternative hypotheses.
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- A
Type 9 · asked 3 times · Functions of random variables
Find the PMF or possible values of Z = g(X, Y) from given PMFs
Read the passage below, then answer Q35

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q35MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
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- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q36

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q36MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓
- A

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- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q37
A factory produces electronic processors and their performance score depends on two factors: (i) Number of Cores (X), (ii) Cache Size (Y ). For a randomly chosen processor, the probability mass functions (PMFs) of X and Y are given as follows:

The overall performance score (Z) of a processor is defined as Z= 4X + 3Y .
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q37MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓Identify all the possible values of overall performance score (Z).
- A{10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20}
- B{11, 13, 19, 14, 18, 25}
- C{10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20}
- D{11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22}
Type 10 · asked 3 times · Functions of random variables
Find E[Z] for Z = g(X, Y) from given PMFs
Read the passage below, then answer Q38

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q38NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q39

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q39NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q40
A factory produces electronic processors and their performance score depends on two factors: (i) Number of Cores (X), (ii) Cache Size (Y ). For a randomly chosen processor, the probability mass functions (PMFs) of X and Y are given as follows:

The overall performance score (Z) of a processor is defined as Z= 4X + 3Y .
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q40NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓Compute the value of E [ Z ]. Enter the answer correct to one decimal place.
Your answer:
Type 11 · asked 3 times · Bayesian estimation
Find the Gamma posterior of a Poisson rate lambda
- Q41MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓

- AGamma (145, 12)
- BGamma (12, 145)
- CGamma (145, 72)
- DGamma (72, 145)
Read the passage below, then answer Q42

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q42MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓Assume the prior distribution of λ to be Gamma(2,2). Determine the posterior distribution of λ.
- AGamma(7, 7.4)
- BGamma(6.4, 7)
- CGamma(7, 6.4)
- DGamma(7.4, 7)
Read the passage below, then answer Q43
A research team is analyzing customer complaints per day for a new service. The number of complaints X follows a Poisson distribution with an unknown average rate λ. The number of complaints observed over a period of 10 days are as follows :
3, 5, 2, 4, 6, 3, 4, 7, 5, 4
The team aims to estimate λ using two different methods: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Bayesian Estimation.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q43MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓Assume the prior distribution of λ to be Gamma(3, 2). Determine the posterior distribution of λ.
- AGamma(45, 12)
- BGamma(12, 46)
- CGamma(46, 12)
- DGamma(12, 45)
Type 12 · asked 3 times · Hypothesis testing
Find the critical value c or rejection probability for a z-test
- Q44NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer: - Q45NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer: Read the passage below, then answer Q46
A tech company claims that the average time their employees take to solve a debugging task is 45 minutes, with a known standard deviation of 10 minutes. A skeptical manager believes this time is too high and takes a random sample of 64 tasks. The manager decides to reject the company’s claim if the sample average time is less than ‘c’ minutes. Based on the given information, answer the subquestions.
Q46NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓If the value of the significance level is 0.16, then find the value of ‘c’. Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:
Type 13 · asked 2 times · Joint, marginal & conditional
Find a region probability like P(X + Y <= 1) from a joint PDF
Read the passage below, then answer Q47

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q47NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q48

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q48NAT2 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓Find the value of P(X < 1, Y < 1). Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:
Type 14 · asked 2 times · Functions of random variables
Find P(X^2 < a) or P(X^2 > a) for a normal X using the standard normal
Type 15 · asked 2 times · Continuous random variables
Find P(a < X < b) from a given PDF
Read the passage below, then answer Q51

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q51NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓
Your answer:Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q52

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q52NAT3 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:
Type 16 · asked 2 times · Continuous random variables
Find a conditional probability P(X in A | X > c) for continuous X
Type 17 · asked 2 times · Expectation, variance & covariance
Find an unknown PMF value when E[X] is given
Type 18 · asked 2 times · Expectation, variance & covariance
Use expectation and variance rules for combinations of RVs
Type 19 · asked 2 times · Inequalities, MGF & CLT
Find a lower bound on a probability with Chebyshev's inequality
Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q59

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q59NAT2 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 2 · 3 Aug 2025 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Useful Reference Data for this Paper


Read the passage below, then answer Q60

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q60NAT3 Marks·Write the numberQuiz 1 · 26 Oct 2025 (AN)Key ↓Using Chebyshev’s inequality, find a lower bound on the probability that the processing time lies between 480 milliseconds and 520 milliseconds. Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:
Type 20 · asked 2 times · Method of moments & MLE
Find the MLE of a Poisson rate lambda from a sample
Read the passage below, then answer Q61

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q61NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓Find the maximum likelihood estimate of λ for the given sample. Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q62
A research team is analyzing customer complaints per day for a new service. The number of complaints X follows a Poisson distribution with an unknown average rate λ. The number of complaints observed over a period of 10 days are as follows :
3, 5, 2, 4, 6, 3, 4, 7, 5, 4
The team aims to estimate λ using two different methods: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Bayesian Estimation.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q62NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓Find the maximum likelihood estimate of λ for the given sample. Enter the answer correct to one decimal place.
Your answer:
Type 21 · asked 2 times · Bayesian estimation
Find the posterior mean of p from a Beta posterior
Read the passage below, then answer Q63
Let p be the true proportion of customers who favor a newly introduced feature in our mobile app. The product team randomly selected 50 customers and asked them if they appreciate the new feature. From the survey, 20 out of the 50 customers responded with a ‘yes’.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q63NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓Find the posterior mean. Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q64
A company is testing a new AI-based chatbot for customer service and wants to know if it is liked by its users. Let p be the true proportion of users who would find the chatbot helpful. The team selected 30 customers randomly and asked if they found the chatbot useful. Out of these, 12 responded ‘yes’.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q64NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓Find the posterior mean using the correct prior from the previous question. Enter the answer correct to two decimal places.
Your answer:
Type 22 · asked 2 times · Bayesian estimation
Choose a prior parameter that gives a stated prior mean
Read the passage below, then answer Q65

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q65MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓
- A

- B

- C

- D

- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q66
A software company is analyzing the bug reports for their newly developed application. Some bug reports identify a critical bug in the application. To estimate the probability p of a bug report identifying a critical bug, they collect a random sample of 200 bug reports, and find that 50 are classified as critical. The company adopts a Bayesian approach with a Beta distribution as the prior for p.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q66MCQ2 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (FN)Key ↓The company assumes a Beta(1.4, b) prior for p. Given that prior knowledge suggests the expected value of p is approximately 0.2, determine the appropriate value of b.
- A

- B

- C

- D

- A
Type 23 · asked 2 times · Bayesian estimation
Given the posterior mean, find an unknown prior or data parameter
Read the passage below, then answer Q67

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q67NAT3 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 13 Apr 2025 (AN)Key ↓
Your answer:Read the passage below, then answer Q68

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q68NAT2 Marks·Write the numberEnd Term · 31 Aug 2025 (FN)Key ↓If the posterior mean is 0.6, then find the value of m.
Your answer:
Type 24 · asked 2 times · Hypothesis testing
True statements about power and Type I / Type II errors
- Q69MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
- AThe power of a test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
- BThe probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis when it is true is called as level of significance.
- CType I error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when alternative hypothesis is false.
- DIf the probability of making a Type II error is 0.05, the power of the test is 0.95.
- Q70MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
- AThe power of a test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
- BThe probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis when it is true is called as level of significance.
- CType I error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when alternative hypothesis is false.
- DIf the probability of making a Type II error is 0.05, the power of the test is 0.95.
Type 25 · asked 2 times · Hypothesis testing
Decide to reject or accept H0 at given significance levels
Read the passage below, then answer Q71
A packaging company uses a machine to fill packets with 98.5 gram of powdered material. A quality control manager suspects that the machine is underfilling the packets. To investigate, he collects a random sample of 100 packets and measures the weights. The sample reveals an average weight of 98.29 gram, with a standard deviation of 1.2 gram.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q71MSQ3 Marks·Choose all correct optionsEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (AN)Key ↓Choose the set of correct options.
- A

- B

- C

- D

- A
Read the passage below, then answer Q72
The average battery life of smartphones for a certain model is 15 hours, with a standard deviation of 3 hours. An analyst suspects that the true average battery life is greater
than 15 hours. To test this, he takes a random sample of 100 smartphones and finds that the sample mean battery life is 17 hours.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Q72MCQ3 Marks·Choose one optionEnd Term · 22 Dec 2024 (FN)Key ↓What conclusion will you make for the given test?
- A

- B

- A
Type 26 · asked 2 times · Hypothesis testing
Write the significance level of a test in terms of c
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